Al-Rafidain Journal for Sports Sciences (RJSS)

 The study aimed to know the Hope-based Thinking for the student of Physical Education College and sports Sciences the data of the study consists of (366) male and female students of second, third and fourth stages. The researchers used the descriptive approach for its suitability and typing in the research, and the drawing scale was applied in the hope of the survey, after the data were collected, and analyzed  by using the statistical analysis program (SPSS). Results: Students of the College of Education and Sports Sciences in general obtain a high rate of hope-based thinking.

The current research aimed to:
1. Setting a scale of organizational change in sports activities divisions in the Iraqi public universities.
2. Identifying the level of organizational change required to improve the performance and services of the sports activities divisions in public universities in terme of the point of its sports.
The descriptive approach was used by the survey method, and the two samples of construction and final application included (102,157) sports staffs working in the sports activities divisions in Iraqi governmental universities, and to obtain data, a measure of organizational change was constructed, including the areas of (technological change, change in human resources, change in activities and tasks, and change work systems, change in policies and rules, change in organizational structure, change in objectives and strategies) and the researchers applied it after the availability of scientific conditions in it, and the data were statistically processed through the arithmetic mean, percentage, simple correlation and T-test for two samples. The researchers concluded the following:
1- Reaching the scale of organizational change in the sports activities divisions of the Iraqi public universities with its effectiveness on the scale. The Iraqi government universities.
2- The staffs of sports activities division in public universities have a very high desire for organizational change with the following indicators identified:
A- Having a very high desire in the areas of change (technology, human resources, activities and tasks, work systems, policies and rules, organizational structure, goals and strategies) and recommended several recommendations, the most important of which are:
B- Applying the organizational change scale to other samples such as the specialized educational supervision departments (sports education) and youth and sports forums.

The study aimed to:

Recognizing the values of a number of kinematical variables for the performance of the forehand clear stroke for badminton players.
Recognizing the values of the accuracy test for the performance for the forehand clear stroke of badminton players.
Recognizing the relationship between a number of kinematical variables and the accuracy values of the forehand clear stroke for badminton players.

In order to verify the objectives of the study, the researcher had assumed the following:
-       There is a significant relationship between the values of a number of bio kinematical variables and the accuracy values of the forehand clear stroke for badminton players.
The researchers used the descriptive approach with the correlational  style, for  its suitability to the  study nature, The research sample was selected from the players of the elite clubs registered with the Iraqi Badminton Federation, and the research sample consisted of (7) players. The researcher used the resources, scientific references, interviews, questionnaires, testing, measurement and scientific observation as means of data collecting, the study included biokinematical variables, and the accuracy of the forehand clear stroke skill.
The main experiment was conducted in two different locations due to the presence of the research sample (4) of them representing the Iraqi national badminton team in Baghdad and (3) players representing the Akad Sports Club in Erbil province, and in order to achieve the first scientific and technical observation, two digital cameras were used. At a speed (240 f /s), the first camera was placed on the side of the player's hitting arm at a distance of (4 m) and with a  lens height  (1.25 m) , and the second was placed in front of the player at a distance of (3.35 m) With a  lens height (1.25 m).
In order to achieve the second scientific and technical observation, two digital cameras were used. The first camera was placed on the side of the player's hitting arm at a distance (5.35 m) and a lens height (1.29 m), it was set at speed (300f /s), and the second camera was placed in front of the player at a distance (3.70 m) and with a lens height (1.29 m), and it was set at speed (210 f/s).
The data were statistically handled using the (SPSS) program to obtain (the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, simple correlation coefficient, and T-test for independent samples.
The researchers concluded:
-       The variables (horizontal displacement, horizontal velocity and velocity resultant) for BMC in the final phase of the forehand clear stroke skill had a positive significant relationship with accuracy.
-       The shuttlecock starting velocity in the forehand clear stroke skill had a direct relationship with accuracy.
-       Accuracy has a direct relationship with variable of the striking arm wrist joint angle and inversely with the forearm angle with the racket variable at the moment of maximum return of the racket in the forehand clear stroke skill.
-       The relationship was direct between (shoulder angle, forearm angle with the racket) variables (each separately) with the accuracy at the moment of shuttlecock impact in the forehand clear stroke skill.
-       The increase in the angular deference of the forearm with racket was significantly correlated with accuracy in the main phase of the forehand clear stroke skill.
-       There is a direct relationship between the angular velocity of the forearm with the racket variable with the accuracy in the main phase of the forehand clear stroke skill.
Through the conclusions, the researchers recommend:
-       The necessity to direct the players to pay attention to the ideal angles of technical performance of badminton skills.
-       Directing the coaches to use a kinematic analysis programs or seeking the help of an expert and specialist in kinetic analysis to correct some of the players' performance errors that are not seen with the naked eye.
-       Paying attention to the results of the current study for use by workers in the field of badminton training and education.

The research aims to identify the relationship of some basic skills with the motor response speed of badminton players of Mosul University. The research community consists of the (30) badminton players from the University of Mosul. The researcher used the following means to collect the data such as a form of recording the speed of response, and the results of the basic skills tests. The data were analyzed statistically using (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and simple correlation coefficient). The results showed a significant correlation between (motor response speed) and forehand, smash shots. The results also showed a non-significant correlation between (motor response speed), long high serve, short low serve and backhand shot. The researcher recommends emphasizing training badminton players on special exercises to develop the motor response speed, and conducting similar research and studies dealing with the rest of the special physical characteristics of badminton and its association with other basic skills and according to its importance to the game.

The current research aims  to:
1- Constructing a scale for Tendencies towards the volunteer work among preparatory stage students in Mosul City.
2- Identifying  the degree of the tendencies of fourth-grade female students in the preparatory stage towards the volunteer work.
The research sample consisted of (400) female students of the preparatory stage of the fourth grade in its scientific and literary branches in the city of Mosul / the left side and to achieve the research aims, the researchers built the scale of tendency towards the voluntary work for the preparatory school female students in which contained in its final version (43) items and  the two researchers verified the psychometric properties and the stability of the tool by the method of repeating the test, and its percentage reached (80%), after that, the scale was applied on the members of the sample, and the results of the statistical analysis showed that the research sample showed superiority in its general level in the tendency towards volunteer work. Researchers, counselors and institutions related to the social development, and the proposals were to conduct a study to apply the scale of tendency towards the volunteer work in to other samples.

The current research aims  to:
1-      Build an entrepreneurial trend in the halls of fitness and bodybuilding in the city of Mosul from the viewpoint of its visitors.
2-      Investigate the level of leadership in the halls of fitness and body building in the city of Mosul from the viewpoint of its Visitors.
       The researchers used the descriptive approach in its survey to suit the nature of the research, and the research community included (378) people who went to the halls of fitness and body building in the city of Mosul, which were numbered (70) halls distributed on the right sides of the city with (10) halls, and the left with (60) Halls, thus, the research sample included (27) halls for fitness and body building in the city of Mosul, which represented (38.57%) of the research community, and these halls are divided into (9) halls on the right side and (18) halls on the left side of the city of Mosul. The number of people returning to these halls according to the scientific conditions of stability was (378) people distributed over the pilot sample with (18) people and the building sample with (260) people and (68.78%) from the research sample in addition to (100) people for the sample application. And by (26.45%) of the research sample, With regard to the research tools, the researcher built a scale of pioneering orientation for fitness halls and bodybuilding in the city of Mosul according to four dimensions (creativity, risk-taking, proactive, and competitive). On the final research sample in order to obtain data that were statistically treated through the percentage, the arithmetic mean, the simple correlation coefficient, and (T) test for two independent samples.
The study concluded the following conclusions:
-          the level of entrepreneurship in the halls of fitness and bodybuilding in the city of Mosul ranged from medium to weak.
The researchers recommended the following:
1-      The departments of the halls of fitness and bodybuilding must adopt the pioneering approach in order to achieve the success for these halls.
2-      The necessity for hall administrations to develop them by updating the devices and tools used as well as the other aspects in the hall.
 

The research aims to reveal the following:
-          The differences in a number of basic skills for the experimental  group players between the pre and post-tests.
-          The differences in a number of basic skills for the control group players between the pre and post-tests.
-          The differences in a number of basic skills between the experimental and control groups in the post-test.
To verify the objectives of the research, the researcher put the following hypotheses:
-          The presence of significant differences in a number of physical and skill variables for the experimental group between the pre and post-test, for the post test.
-          The presence of significant differences in a number of physical and skill variables for the control group between the pre and post-test.
-          The presence of significant differences in a number physical and skill variables in the post tests between the experimental and control groups, for  the experimental group.
The researchers used the experimental method for  its convenience to the research nature, and the experiment was carried out on a sample of (20) players from Andalusia Youth Forum with  ages (under 19) years, they are divided in to two groups experimental and control with & player for each group, (4) players were excluded from the research sample , (2) players were excluded because they didn’t complete the test. and (2) players were excluded for being goalkeepers, Homogeneity was achieved in the variables (age, height, weight, and training age), and parity between the two research groups in the physical and skill variables that were determined by the specialists. An experimental design called the pre- and post-test randomized control group design was adopted.
The research procedures included designing (SAQ) exercises that were applied to the experimental group, as well as conducting a number of exploratory experiments to determine the used exercises as well as the appropriate ( intensities , repetitions and rest times) for these exercises,  after that the physical and skill pre-tests were implemented, then training style exercises were carried out. Then the training method exercises were implemented, the experimental group implemented (SAQ) style exercises, while the control group implemented the curriculum prepared by the team coach.
The implementation of the experiment took (9) weeks during three intermediate cycles with (9) small cycles and with a wave movement of (2: 1) in each intermediate session and with (3) training units per week. After that, the researchers conducted the skills tests with the same procedures and steps that were followed in the pre-tests, The researchers used the following statistical methods: (the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, skew coefficient, coefficient of variation, percentage, (T) test for related samples .T-test for independent samples).
The data were statistically handled  using the (SPSS) program to obtain (the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, skew coefficient , T-test for related samples and T-test for independent samples ).
The researchers concluded: (S.A.Q) style exercises carried out by the experimental group achieved an improvement in all the physical and skill variables by comparing the results of all the pre and post variables of the experimental group players

The study aimed to:
-       Detecting the significance of the statistical differences in the special endurance         (speed endurance and strength endurance) and performance in the 400-meter sprint between the pre and post-tests after using the method of (speed escalation and distance stabilization), According to a Computerized Running Training programs for interval training .
-       Detecting the significance of the statistical differences in the special endurance         (speed endurance and strength endurance) and performance in the 400-meter sprint between the pre and post-tests after using the method of (distance escalation and speed stabilization) According to a Computerized Running Training programs for interval training.
-       Recognize the significance of the statistical differences in the special endurance      (speed endurance and strength endurance) and performance in a 400-meter sprint between the two methods (speed escalation and distance stabilization)  and (distance escalation and speed stabilization) According to a Computerized Running Training programs for interval training in the post-test .
The researchers used the experimental approach for its convenience to the study nature, and the research experiment was carried out on a sample of short distance runners (junior category) at the Specialized School of Athletics in Nineveh Governorate for the sports season (2019-2020) and they were (12) runners, and this sample was divided into two experimental groups of During the randomization method with (6) runners for each group, The first depends on interval training in the method of (speed escalation and distance stabilization) and the second depends on interval training in the method of (distance escalation and speed stabilization) by relying on a programmed system for the sprint in interval training , based on score tables , as well as speed tables that are based on score tables that include determining the times that the runner must travel the sprint distance in and which are set on the basis of percentages or The measured stresses with the number of repetitions and the duration of the intermittent rest .
The researchers reached the following conclusions:
-       Interval training in the method of (speed escalation and distance stabilization) and Interval training in the method of (distance escalation and speed stabilization) made positive progress in special endurance consisting of (speed endurance and strength endurance) and performance in the 400-meter sprint .
-       Despite the positive effect of interval training in the two methods (speed escalation and distance stabilization) and (distance escalation and speed stabilization) there was a relative superiority of interval training in the method of (speed escalation and distance stabilization) in the special endurance consisting of (speed endurance and strength endurance) and performance in Sprint 400 meters .
The researchers recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which are :
-       Using of interval training in the method of (speed escalation and distance stabilization) and not being satisfied with the use of interval training in the method (distance escalating and speed stabilization) when training a 400-meter sprint because of its importance in developing the special endurance consisting of (speed and strength endurance) and performance in the 400-meter sprint .
-       Possibility of relying on the Computerized Running Training programs for interval training in designing interval training methods and curricula for all short-distance runners, including 400-meter sprinting for all levels and age groups .
 

The study aimed to identify the similarities between the activities of athletics in sport injuries according to the body parts for males and females players in clubs and institutions of federal Iraq championship which is established in Baghdad (4-7 / 11 / 2020). The researcher depended on descriptive method where the research sample consists of 139 male and female players. 100 male players and 39 female players where participated in the study from most of Iraq provinces and the research depends on the questionnaire form which is prepared accurately by the researcher which was presented to many experts and coaches of the track and field games where the questionnaire included specifying the locations, types and the most important causes of its occurrence for sport injuries, the data processed statically by using the percentage and the grade correlation coefficient between injuries according to parts of the body for athletics activities.
The results of the research shown that the percentage of common sport injuries for the advanced participants in the track and field games championship according to the type of the game and the location of the injury, also the study shown the similarities between the activities of running for short, medium and long distances concerning the male players while for the female players the results shown the similarities in running for short and medium distances, also there is similarities between the injuries of running for medium distances, throwing, jumping and heptathion, where a number of recommended and suggestions are presented.

 
The aim of the research is the following:
Preparing a program that includes two techniques of strategic thinking of the game of chess and revealing the effect of the program on developing some aspects of attention. Regarding the research methodology, the researchers used the experimental method for its suitability and the nature of the research. The research community represented the age group (13-14) years in the city of Mosul, as the number of boys reached (40750) and the number of girls (28478) and their total (69228). The researchers adopted the age group of boys as the research community. And by the method of drawing lots, the leaders secondary school was named as a center for conducting exploratory experiments related to research variables and the Al-Awael secondary center for conducting the experimental research experiment, as the research sample consisted of (60) learners, then this sample was divided into two groups by lot, each group includes (30) learners, then the two researchers randomly named the two groups also according to the two techniques of strategic thinking. According to the technique of thinking scenarios (30) learners, and (8) learners were excluded from the first experimental group and (3) learners from the second experimental group due to lack of commitment to the program’s lessons, and with regard to the experimental design, the two researchers adopted the design of the corresponding groups, and the two researchers conducted the equivalence between the two research groups and the homogeneity of the variance in (aspects of attention, and multiple intelligences) as well as mental ability. An educational program for both experimental groups according to their own techniques by (20) educational units, then a post-test was conducted in the aspects of attention on the research sample in order to obtain the raw data that were statistically treated through the percentage to determine the percentage of expert agreement, for (simple correlation coefficient, and Spearman-Brown coefficient, and the arithmetic mean, and standard deviation, and Levin's test, and the T-test for two independent samples, and the T-test for two linked samples, and the statistical package (SPSS) was used to conduct statistical analysis), and the results showed the convergence of the impact of each of the strategic thinking program according to thinking techniques from all directions and the strategic thinking program according to Artistic thinking scenarios in developing the aspects of attention (focus, and distribution, and transformation) and the time of attention manifestations.
In light of the results and conclusions of the research, the researchers recommend the following:
 1. Adopting the educational content of the game of chess as a basic material for middle schools for directorates of education.
  2. Adopting both the strategic thinking program according to the technique of thinking from all directions and the strategic thinking program according to the art of thinking scenarios in teaching the educational content of the game of chess.
  3. Adopting mental packages and the games, exercises and mental tasks they contain in training the mental capabilities of learners of the age group (13-14) years.
 4. Adopting of the educational methods used in research in teaching the educational
 content of the game of chess.

 
The current study aimed to identify the attitudes of physical education teachers in Mafraq Governorate towards the obstacles to teaching students in light of the spread of the Corona pandemic, and the descriptive analytical approach was used, and the study sample consisted of (272) physical education teachers in Mafraq Governorate, and the questionnaire was used where It was distributed among the study sample, and the study found no results, the most important of which is: The attitudes of physical education teachers in Mafraq Governorate towards the obstacles to teaching students in light of the spread of the Corona pandemic came to a high degree, and the study also found that there are no statistically significant differences due to the variable Gender, and the presence of statistically significant differences due to the variable of experience, which came in favor of those with 10 years of experience or more. The study recommended the need to rehabilitate and train physical education teachers in electronic training programs on how to transfer knowledge and information through the Internet to achieve the greatest benefit. And the need to adopt the use of blended learning by integrating the electronic method with the traditional method in teaching physical education.

This research aims to identify the values of some biomechanical variables (linear momentum, rise and fall (m. S. K) of the body during preparation for the rise and explosive force of the legs , whether it is the left or right leg, work and ability, as well as some angles of the joints of some parts of the body that contribute to the achievement of the competitors. The long jump, the research sample consisted of the best (6) students from all stages of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Mosul who are proficient in the long jump for the 2019/2020 academic year. Data were collected through videography and the analysis was done by using (Adobe Photoshop), (Image Ready) and the program (Auto Cad 2010) , in order to identify the values of some of the biomechanical variables selected in the second section of the approach (weighted steps), especially the moment when the advancing foot touches the elevation plate and the moment when the advancing foot leaves the elevation plate (collision, push) despite the shortness of this stage Chronologically compared to the time of the rest of the technical stages of the long jump and its relationship to the explosive force of the rising leg (right or left) and achievement, as the results of the research showed the following conclusions :

The variable of the explosive force of the legs during the hitting and touching of the rising leg with the elevation plate has a prominent role in achieving a better level of performance of the effectiveness of the long jump with the biomechanical research variables selected in the sample.
- In the recovery stage, which was characterized by the need to increase the kinematic velocity (jump velocity) despite its short period of time in the stages (collision, absorption and thrust), the values of the biomechanical variables improved as a result of the attempt to increase the speed of recovery of the sample positively at the moment of thrust.
Body angle in general and the angle of the trunk in particular, with the effectiveness of the long jump in the two moments of collision and push, the effective role in improving the level of achievement of the research sample.
The job changers and the mobility ability have a basic role in the achievement depending on the mass and speed of the hopper and in the shortest possible time between the two moments of rise and push to achieve the best achievement, which will be related to the sports selection of this activity.
Raise (m. K) the body as a kinematic variable and its decrease in the stages (collision, absorption, thrust) at the moment of rise in the stage of elevation has an effective role in improving the angle of flight achieved at the highest altitude of (m. K) the body in flight to achieve The farthest possible distance for the sample (completion.

The researchers recommended the following :

Emphasis during training on developing the explosive force of the legs because of its great importance in achieving achievement for long jump players.
The possibility of developing the speed of the jump and increasing the height of the center of gravity of the body , because of its importance in the development of high and digital achievement.
Working on the use of assistive devices and tools during elevation training to improve the art of kinetic performance (technique) for the elevation stage.
Emphasis on good and appropriate sports selection for this activity from physical and physical characteristics, and applying research to more general and comprehensive samples.

The study aimed at expounding the impacts of a number of practice scheduling methods that were used in the educational programs of three experimental groups and the method used in the school by the control group on achievement of students of the first intermediate grade and comparing the results of the post-test of a number of practice scheduling methods that were used in the educational programs by the three experimental groups and the usual method used in the school by the control group on achievement of students of the first intermediate grade in a number of football and athletics skills  .
The researchers used the experimental method for its suitability to the nature of the study, and the study sample consisted of (60) students out of the population of the study consisting of (232) students of the first intermediate grade in Al-Shumookh Intermediate School for Boys in Nineveh Governorate. The study sample was distributed among four Equal groups of (15) students for each group.
The researchers adopted the equivalent experimental groups design with the pre-test and post-test and the equivalent experimental groups design with post-test observation The researcher adopted a questionnaire form, personal interviews, and scientific tests, measurements observation as means of collecting information.
Parity between the four study groups was done for each of the variables (age, height, mass, some mental abilities, e.g. (attention and intelligence) and some physical and motor factors that affect achievement of a number of team and individual game).
The school educational curriculum (the physical education teacher guide for intermediate grades) was implemented by the control   group while the Practice Scheduling Methods educational program was implemented by the experimental groups. The total educational programs implemented in the study were (72) educational units  , (18) educational units for each group  and were implemented by two educational units per week, and the duration of each educational unit was (45) minutes,
 the researchers concluded that the educational programs of (distributed, intensive and random) practice scheduling methods and the control group program (the school method) positively impacted the  achievement of a number of football and athletics skills   among first-grade intermediate students..
 
 
 

 
The research aims at identifying the degree of psychological bliss among high school students within the section of the Department of Education in Ba'shiqa, which is affiliated to the Nineveh Education Directorate. To achieve this, the researcher designed a measure of psychological bliss in the lesson of physical education.
The descriptive analytical approach is used by the researcher, and the data include (200) secondary school students and they are distributed among (8) schools. The data were statistically processed by the mean, standard deviation, percentage, test (T) for two independent samples, the simple correlation coefficient of Pearson.
The researcher reached to build a measure of psychological well-being in the physical education lesson for high school students in the department of education in Ba'shiqa.  The researcher also recommended that the physical education course and recreational activities should be increased in secondary schools to improve the psychological state of students.

The exercises of competitive sports play a major role in the development of the physical variables (speed) in futsal sports , and the exercises of competitive sports are fun and exciting exercises that inspire fun and create a spirit of competition for players.
The paper aims to:
-          Develop a training curriculum with mini sports to develop the speed of all kinds of futsal players.
-          Identify the effect of the training curriculum with small sports in developing the speed of all kinds of futsal players.
The researchers used the experimental method to fit the nature of the research. The curriculum was implemented by competitive sports exercises on a sample of the age group above (14-16) years of the School of sport Talent in Nineveh.
The researchers used statistical means (arithmetic mean, standard deviation etc.)
The paper concludes the following:
-          The training curriculum using mini sports achieved a positive development between the two tests (pre and post) and in favor of the experimental group in the tests (transitional speed, motor response speed, and motor speed).
-          The two training curricula for the two groups (controller and experimental) achieved a positive development between the two tests (pre and post) in the (transitional velocity) tests.
-          The training curriculum using mini-sports achieved a positive development in the results of the post-tests between the two groups (control and experimental) and in favor of the experimental group.

 
The study aims to:
Develop physical conviction scale for students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul;
Set the level (degree) of sports conviction of students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul;
Set standards for students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul in terms of physical conviction;
The descriptive approach was used in survey style:
The research community consisted of 740 male and female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, while the construction sample was 444 male and female students (60%) were selected. (84) male and female students from the construction sample to conduct scoping experiments for the scale, three from each study division, excluded from the research sample, and (200) Students for validity of construction (statistical analysis of paragraphs) (sample of discrimination) and (100) male and female students were excluded from the search sample, while the application sample was 296 male and female students representing 40% of the search sample.
The physical conviction scale is used a data collection tool
Developing procedures are: (define the domains of the scale, define the method of formulating the paragraphs of the scale, formulate the paragraphs of each domain in their initial form, as well as adopt the scientific steps and procedures in the construction of the metrics, which include the validity of the content, the apparent validity of the scale and the validity of the structure represented (statistical analysis of paragraphs) in the opposite group and internal consistency methods, and the halfway method was used for validity.
The statistical means used (mean, mode, Karl Pearson Coefficient of Correlation formula, simple correlation Coefficient, t-test, estimated  mean of the scale, percentage